Effect of season and housing systems on various physio-behavioral attributes of local breed of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Southern Punjab, Pakistan / Efeito da estação e dos sistemas de alojamento em vários atributos fisiocomportamentais da raça local de coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) no sul de Punjab, Paquistão

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of season and various housing systems on behavioral i.e. sitting, standing, walking and physiological i.e. respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), time of sexual libido (TSL) attributes of local breed of rabbits reared in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Adult rabbits (n = 40) of 6 month to 1 year old were divided into two groups (n = 20 / group). Group I was placed under traditional colony system in the soil while group II was kept under modern cage system. Sitting and standing was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher during summer and winter respectively. The RR and RT were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in summer as compared to other study seasons. Standing behavior was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in caged rabbits as compared to colony-reared ones. Statistically higher (p ≤ 0.05) TSL value was observed in summer as compared to other three study seasons. From this study it is concluded that rabbit's behavioral and physiological traits are significantly affected by season and housing systems. We concluded that rabbits show better physio-behavioral performance in autumn and winter season while summer stress negatively affects physiology and behavior under caged-system. This study could contribute new aspects of behavioral and physiological processes in local breed of rabbits due to different seasons and housing systems.

O presente estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito da estação do ano e de vários sistemas de alojamento nos atributos comportamentais, isto é, sentar, levantar, andar e fisiológico, isto é, frequência respiratória (RR), temperatura retal (TR), tempo de libido sexual (TSL), atributos da raça local de coelhos criados no sul de Punjab, Paquistão. Coelhos adultos (n = 40) de 6 meses a 1 ano de idade foram divididos em dois grupos (n = 20 / grupo). O grupo I foi colocado sob o sistema de colônia tradicional no solo, enquanto o grupo II foi mantido sob o sistema moderno de gaiolas. Sentar e ficar em pé foi significativamente (p ≤ 0,05) maior durante o verão e inverno, respectivamente. O RR e o TR foram significativamente (p ≤ 0,05) maiores no verão, em comparação com as outras estações do estudo. O comportamento em pé foi significativamente (p ≤ 0,05) maior em coelhos engaiolados, em comparação com os criados em colônia. O valor de TSL estatisticamente maior (p ≤ 0,05) foi observado no verão, em comparação com outras três temporadas de estudo. A partir deste estudo, concluiu-se que os traços comportamentais e fisiológicos dos coelhos são significativamente afetados pela estação do ano e pelos sistemas de alojamento. Concluímos que os coelhos apresentam melhor desempenho fisiocomportamental no outono e inverno, enquanto o estresse do verão afeta negativamente a fisiologia e o comportamento em sistema enjaulado. Este estudo pode contribuir com novos aspectos dos processos comportamentais e fisiológicos em raças locais de coelhos devido às diferentes estações do ano e sistemas de alojamento.

Condiciones de alojamiento de los terneros en crianzas artificiales de tambo y su relación con el estrés por frío / Housing conditions of dairy calves and its relationship with cold stress

Resumen El estrés por frío en los terneros puede ser muy perjudicial para su salud y rendimiento futuro. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de las condiciones de manejo de la crianza artificial y su relación con estrés por frío en terneros de tambo. Se evaluaron 160 terneros durante las primeras horas de la mañana, y se registró si los animales poseían capa o no y si disponían o no de cama. Se observó si contaban con reparo para limitantes climáticas. También se registró la temperatura rectal y si temblaban o no. Se consideró que terneros con temperatura rectal igual o inferior a 37,2 °C se encontraban en estrés por frio. El análisis estadístico de los datos se hizo mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Chi cuadrado y se calculó la probabilidad de ocurrencia mediante Odds Ratio. Encontrándose que los terneros en condiciones de estrés presentaron 4,93 veces mayor probabilidad de temblar; que disponer de cama fue favorable para prevenir el estrés (0,027), que las capas plásticas incrementaron la probabilidad de sufrir de estrés (0,006) y que proveer reparo a los animales tiene un efecto positivo en la prevención del estrés por frío (p = 0,027) en los terneros de tambo.

Abstract Cold stress in calves can be very detrimental to their health and performance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of artificial rearing management conditions and their relationship to cold stress in dairy calves. A total of 160 calves were evaluated during the early morning hours and it was recorded whether or not the animals had cape and whether or not they had bed in pens. Also, it was observed if they had protection for climatic limitations. Rectal temperature and whether or not they were shivering were also recorded. Calves with rectal temperature equal to or lower than 37.2 °C were considered to be in cold stress. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using the non-parametric Chi-square test and the probability of occurrence was calculated using Odds Ratio. It was found that calves under stress conditions were 4.93 times more likely to shiver; that having bed in pens was favorable for preventing stress (0.027), that plastic cape increased the probability of suffering from stress (0.006) and that providing shelter to animals had a positive effect on the prevention of cold stress (p = 0.027) in dairy calves.

Physiological and hematological parameters of sheep reared in the tropics and subtropics / [Parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos criados nos trópicos e nos subtrópicos]

This study aimed to determine the physiological and hematological parameters of sheep in Brazil. Therefore, 5,081 observations were used from previous experiments with animals from different Brazilian regions with the time of day, gender, breed, age, physiological characteristics, hematological and climatic variables. The animals were classified according to their stress level, and only data of non-stressed animals were used to calculate the reference values. Respiratory rate was the parameter that most differed from the normal range, with values ​​above the limits usually reported for the species, being higher in commercial wool sheep. For hematological variables, differences were observed between the present results and the previously reported values in the literature. A higher number of red blood cells (RBC), lower hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed in young animals. A higher number of RBC and MCHC were noted in sheep crossed with local breeds. Considering that physiological and hematological parameters are indicators of the animal's pathological or physiological state, for a correct interpretation of the results, the use of reference values based on animals with similar racial characteristics and subjected to similar environmental conditions is recommended.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos no Brasil. Portanto, foram utilizadas 5.081 observações de experimentos anteriores com animais de diversas regiões do Brasil, com diferentes horário, sexo, raça, idade, características fisiológicas, variáveis ​​hematológicas e climáticas. Os animais foram classificados de acordo com o nível de estresse, e apenas os dados dos animais não estressados ​​foram utilizados para o cálculo dos valores de referência. A frequência respiratória foi o parâmetro que mais diferiu em relação à normalidade, com valores acima dos limites usualmente relatados para a espécie, sendo maior em ovinos de lã comercial. Para as variáveis ​​hematológicas, também foram verificadas diferenças entre os resultados observados e os valores previamente relatados na literatura. Maior número de hemácias, menor hemoglobina e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHbCM) foram observados em animais jovens e maior número de hemácias e CHbCM em ovinos cruzados com raças locais. Considerando que os parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos são indicadores do estado patológico ou fisiológico do animal, para uma correta interpretação dos resultados recomenda-se a utilização de valores de referência baseados em animais com características raciais semelhantes e submetidos a condições ambientais também semelhantes.(AU)

Influência da restrição alimentar e do estresse térmico sobre parâmetros fisiológicos em ovinos / [Influence of food restriction and heat stress on physiological parameters in sheep]

Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações fisiológicas de ovinos submetidos à restrição alimentar, expostos à radiação solar e à sombra. Dez borregas mestiças foram divididas igualmente em dois grupos: grupo radiação solar - GRS, animais expostos ao sol durante o dia; e grupo sombra - GS, animais alocados dentro de um galpão à sombra. Nos seis dias iniciais de experimento, os animais foram submetidos à restrição alimentar, com acesso apenas à água, já expostos ao sol ou à sombra. Nos seis dias subsequentes, foi ofertada dieta composta por ração e feno de alfafa (3%PV). Os parâmetros avaliados foram frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR), ß-hidroxibutirato (BHB), pH urinário, ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e dados bioclimáticos (temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e índice de temperatura e umidade - ITU). A FR foi o parâmetro em que houve maior diferença significativa entre os grupos (p<0,05). O balanço energético negativo foi constatado em todos os animais (BHB>0,8mmol/L; pH<7,0). Ovelhas que sofrem restrição alimentar durante períodos de alta temperatura e umidade têm menor frequência respiratória e temperatura interna, independentemente de estar na sombra ou pleno sol. Porém, quando normalizado a oferta de alimento as ovelhas em pleno sol têm menor ingestão de matéria seca.(AU)

We aimed to evaluate physiological changes in sheep submitted to food restriction, exposed to the sun or shade. Ten ewe lambs were equally divided into two groups: Sun Radiation Group - GRS, exposed to sun during day hours, and Shade Group - GS, with animals placed inside a barn. In the first six days of experiment, animals were submitted to food restriction, with access to fresh water, already exposed to sun and shade. In the following six days alfalfa hay and concentrate were provided to the animals (3%BW). Parameters assessed were respiratory rate (FR), rectal temperature (TR), ß-hydroxybutyrate, urinary pH, dry matter intake (IMS) and climate data (air temperature, humidity, and temperature-humidity index - ITU). The parameter that most differed between groups was FR. All animals presented negative energy balance (BHB>0.8mmol/L; pH<7,0). Ewe lambs submitted to food restriction during periods of high temperature and humidity have lower respiratory rate and intern temperature, independently of being exposed to sun or shade. However, when food was offered animals exposed to sun had lower dry matter intake.(AU)

Impacto del estrés por calor en terneros de tambo sobre parámetros fisiológicos y conductuales / Heat stress impact on physiological and behavioral parameters in dairy calves

Resumen Dentro de los factores de estrés a los que puede estar expuesto el ganado lechero el relativo al calor es uno de los más conocidos y estudiados en vacas lecheras por el impacto que tiene sobre la producción láctea. Sin embargo, este nivel de conocimiento no se repite en relación a los terneros en crianza, por tal motivo el objetivo del presente trabajo fue el de estudiar el impacto del estrés por calor en esta categoría. Se monitorearon 246 terneros pertenecientes a 19 tambos en días con ITH ≥ 72 para la franja horaria de 12 a 15. Se categorizaron los registros obtenidos en: estrés ligero, moderado o severo. Se registró la posibilidad o no de acceder a sombra, el disponer o no de agua para consumo, la posición y la actividad principal que desarrollaba, también se evaluó la temperatura rectal (TR) y la frecuencia respiratoria (FR). Los datos fueron analizados mediante ANOVA. La comparación entre medias se realizó con el test Tukey (α=0,05) y el análisis de correlación con el test de Spearman. Se utilizó el programa InfoStat versión 2019p. En lo que refiere a actividad, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Sin embargo, sí se detectaron diferencias (p=0,0138) en la posición de aquellos animales expuestos a condiciones de estrés moderado vs. severo. La TR promedio fue diferente (p=0,0063) entre los animales de la categoría estrés lijero respecto a las otras dos categorías (> 39,2 °C). El valor promedio relativo a la FR resultó superior (p<0,0001) en los terneros bajo estrés severo (>80 rpm). La correlación hallada para la variable ITH respecto de TR resultó de 0,25 (p=0,0001), mientras que para FR fue de 0.33 (p<0,0001). En relación a las prácticas implementadas se registró que el 26 % de los terneros no contaban con sombra ni agua al momento de la visita.

Abstract Heat stress impact on physiological and behavioral parameters in dairy calves. Among the stress factors to which dairy cattle is exposed heat is one of the most studied due to the impact it has on milk production. However, there is lack of information regarding this stress condition in calves compared to the one related to adult animals. The aim of this paper was to study the relevance of heat stress in dairy calves. For the experiment 246 dairy calves from 19 dairy farms were monitored in days with Temperature Humidity Index (ITH) above 72 between 12:00 pm and 03:00 pm. Heat stress related to ITH was categorized in three degrees: low, moderate and sever stress. Additional information was taken during the visit: shade access, water availability, body position, activity being developed, rectal temperature (TR) and respiratory rate (FR). Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Comparison between median values was analyzed with Tukey´s test (α=0,05) and correlation analysis with Spearman´s test. The software used to analyze statistical data was Infostat version 2019. Differences were found in the body position between animals exposed to sever stress versus those with moderate stress (p=0.0138). However, there were no differences in animal activity in any of the temperature exposures. Results on average rectal temperature (TR) showed differences (p=0.0063) between animals with low stress and those with severe and moderate stress (> 39.2 °C). Relative average of FR was higher (p<0.0001) on calves under sever heat stress, reaching above 80 breaths per minute. The correlation coefficient between ITH and TR was 0.25 (p=0.0001), and between ITH and TR was 0.33 (p<0.0001). Regarding the practices implemented on the farms was noted that 26% of calves did not have shade or water available at the moment data was taken.

The Influence of Constant Lighting on The Daily Dynamics of Some Physiological Parameters of Male Wistar Rats

The effect of the stay of 6-months-old male Wistar rats under the influence of constant lighting on the dailydynamics of some biochemical parameters was studied. Male Wistar albino rats at the age of 6 months weredivided into 2 groups. The rats from the Group I were housed under a fixed illumination, L:D 14:10 (±180 lux,respectively; 8:00 AM lights on) (unless mentioned otherwise) in a temperature-controlled environment with adlibitum access to tap water and food (rat chow). Animals of Group II were studied under the same experimentalconditions except for the light regime, representing constant light (LL ±180 lux). Both the first and second groupsof animals were kept at the specified light regime for 2 weeks. A number of biochemical parameters of bloodplasma have a reliable daily rhythm, while for other metabolites of an organism a circadian rhythm is not noted.The appearance of the previously absent rhythm of physiological parameters after the application of constantlighting indicates the role of other pacemakers in the metabolism, in addition to illumination. The conductedresearch testifies about the unambiguous modulating influence of constant illumination on the structure of diurnaldynamics of studied biochemical parameters and rectal temperature, and about the initiation of desynchronosisby it

Desempenho e termorregulação de porcas lactantes alojadas em diferentes localizações no interior de um galpão com sistema de resfriamento evaporativo em ambiente tropical / Performance and thermoregulation of lactating sows housed in different locations inside a shed with an evaporative cooling system in a tropical environment

The effects of housing lactating sows at different locations in a shed with evaporative cooling system (ECS) on their thermoregulation and reproductive and productive performance of the sow and the litter in summer were determined. 34 females were used in the three lines of cages at these locations: near the pad cooling; in the middle of the shed and near the exhaust fans. The air temperature and the temperature and humidity index (THI) were lower near the pad cooling (22.38ºC, 71.84) than the middle (24.56ºC, 74.82) and near the exhaust fans (25.00°C, 75.62). Respiratory rate, rectal and surface temperatures were lower in sows near the pad cooling (43.67 breaths.min -1 , 38.40°C; 29.51°C) than in the center (52.04 breaths.min -1 ; 38.48ºC; 32.02ºC) and near the exhaust fans (56.38 breaths.min-1, 38.93ºC; 32.52ºC). The backfat thickness, the weaning-estrus interval and daily average consumption of the sows, number of weaning piglets, corporal mass and daily average gain of the piglets were not influenced by the location of housing in the shed. Lactating sows housed in the middle and near the exhaust fans in the ECS presented increased thermoregulation physiological variables, however, this did not impair the performance.(AU)

An Observation of Cooling of Dead Body for Estimation of Time Since Death in IGIMS, Patna, Bihar

Background: Cooling of body after death is also known asAlgor Mortis. Now a days recording of temperature of a deadbodies has its medico-legal importance in connection withdetermination of time since death. It is variable and dependsupon various factor including the atmospheric temperature of aparticular region.Aim & Objective: The main objective of this objective was torecord the fall of temp in dead body as supportive data fordetermination of time since death at Patna (Bihar). Materials &Methods: The present study was conducted on 140 deadbodies brought for post-mortem examination at IGIMS, Patnafrom September 2016 to March 2018 after clearance of ethicalcommittee.Results: Between 3 to 6 hours after death, temperatures wererecorded by 96.6˚F to 95.6˚F in 37.50% of cases and in28.12% cases by 95.6˚F to 94.6˚ F and in 34.37% cases by94.6˚F to 92.6˚F. In the cases examined during 24 hours to 36hours after death rectal temperatures were found to be loweredby 78.6˚F to 74.6˚F in 0.08% cases, and in 91.66% casesbodies were found to be cooled to environmental temperature.Conclusion: The most important responsibility of the doctorsperforming post mortem examination to answer this point asprecisely and accurately as possible. It is manifestly impossibleto say the exact moment of death but a near approximationmay be reached by closely recording of rectal temperatureevery half hourly for three hours

Identification of predictive biomarkers of peri- and postpartum disorders in dairy cows / 대한수의학회지

We aimed to identify predictive markers of peri- and postpartum disorders in dairy cows. Data regarding peri- and postpartum disorders, serum metabolites, body condition score (BCS), and rectal temperature, were collected from 227 dairy cows, which were allocated to healthy (n = 57) and diseased (n = 170) groups. Serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was higher in diseased than healthy cows 4 weeks before (p < 0.01) and immediately after (p = 0.05) calving. Serum alanine aminotransferase (AST) activity was higher (p < 0.05) in diseased than healthy cows 1 and 2 weeks after calving, whereas total cholesterol (TCH) concentration was lower (p < 0.05–0.0001) in diseased cows 4 weeks before, and after calving. BCS was higher (p < 0.05) in diseased than healthy cows 4 weeks before calving, but lower (p < 0.01) in diseased cows 8 weeks after calving. Rectal temperature was higher (p < 0.05–0.01) in diseased than healthy cows between 2 and 14 days postpartum. In conclusion, high serum NEFA and AST concentrations and lower TCH concentration during the peripartum period, and high prepartum BCS and postpartum rectal temperature, could be used as biomarkers to predict the subsequent development of peri- and postpartum disorders.

Fuzzy system to predict physiological responses of Holstein cows in southeastern Brazil / Sistema difuso para predecir respuestas fisiológicas de vacas Holstein en el sureste de Brasil / Sistema fuzzy para predizer respostas fisiológicas de vacas Holstein na região sudeste do Brasil

Background:thermal environment exerts a direct influence on animal performance. Environmental factors, in different circumstances, may affect milk production and fertility of animals, compromising the profitability of the activity. Under heat stress conditions dairy cows reduce feed intake and, consequently, milk production. Sweating and panting are some of the mechanisms these animals use to relieve thermal stress. In addition, animals often suffer physiological and behavioral changes caused by heat stress.Objective: the goal of the present study was to develop and evaluate a model based on fuzzy set theory to predict rectal temperature (°C), and respiratory rate (breaths per minute) responses of Holstein cows exposed to different environmental thermal conditions. Methods: the proposed fuzzy model was based on data obtained experimentally (5,884 records) as well as from the literature (792 records) referring to the effect of environmental variables on both physiological responses. Input variables of each record were dry bulb air temperature and relative humidity. Output variables were rectal temperature and respiratory rate. Results: the adjusted model was evaluated for its ability to predict response variables as a function of input variables. The model was able to predict respiration rate with an average standard error of 7.73 and rectal temperature with an average standard error of 0.27. Conclusion: a fuzzy model was developed to predict physiological responses. The error (%) of model prediction for respiration rate and rectal temperature was +/- 12 and 0.5%, respectively.

Antecedentes: el ambiente termal ejerce una influencia directa en el desempeño animal. Factores ambientales, en diferentes circunstancias, pueden afectar la producción de leche y la fertilidad de los animales, comprometiendo la rentabilidad de la actividad. Bajo condiciones de estrés por calor, las vacas lecheras reducen su consumo de alimento y, consecuentemente su producción de leche. Sudar y jadear son algunos de los mecanismos que estos animales usan para aliviar el estrés térmico. Además de estas consecuencias, los animales a menudo sufren cambios fisiológicos y comportamentales causados por el estrés calórico, causando una reducción en la producción de leche. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar y evaluar un modelo basado en la teoría de los conjuntos fuzzy para predecir respuestas fisiológicas, temperatura rectal y frecuencia respiratoria, de vacas lecheras de raza holandesa blanco y negro expuestas a diferentes condiciones ambientales. Métodos: el modelo fuzzy propuesto fue basado en datos obtenidos experimentalmente (5.884 registros), también como de la literatura (792 registros), refiriéndose a la influencia de las variables ambientales sobre esas respuestas fisiológicas. Cada registro incluye valores de temperatura de bulbo seco del aire, humedad relativa (variables de entrada), temperatura rectal y frecuencia respiratoria (variables de salida). Resultados: el modelo ajustado fue evaluado para cada variable respuesta y predice estas en función de las variables de entrada. Este modelo fue capaz de predecir la frecuencia respiratoria con un error estándar medio de 7,73 y la temperatura rectal con un error estándar medio de 0,27. Conclusión: un modelo fuzzy fue exitosamente desarrollado para predecir respuestas fisiológicas. El modelo fue capaz de predecir frecuencia respiratoria y temperatura rectal con errores porcentuales de +/- 12 y 0,5%, respectivamente.

Antecedentes: o ambiente térmico exerce uma influencia direta no desempenho animal. Fatores ambientais, em diferentes circunstancias, podem afetar a produção de leite e a fertilidade dos animais, comprometendo assim a rentabilidade da atividade. Sobcondições de estresse por calor, as vacas leiteiras reduzem o seu consumo de alimento e, consequentemente, a sua produção de leite. Sudorese e respiração ofegante são alguns dos mecanismos que estes animais usam para aliviar o estresse térmico. Além destas consequências, os animais com frequência sofrem mudanças fisiológicas e comportamentais causados pelo estresse calórico, causando uma redução na produção de leite. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar um modelo baseado na teoria dos conjuntos fuzzy para predizer respostas fisiológicas, temperatura retal e frequência respiratória, de vacas leiteiras de raça holandesa branca e preta, expostas a diferentes condições térmicas ambientais. Métodos: o modelo fuzzy proposto foi baseado em dados obtidos experimentalmente (5,884 registros) bem como da literatura (792 registros), referindo-se à influência das variáveis ambientais sobre essas respostas fisiológicas. Cada registro inclui valores de temperatura de bulbo seco do ar, umidade relativa (variáveis de entrada), temperatura retal e frequência respiratória (variáveis de saída). Resultados: o modelo ajustado foi avaliado para cada variável resposta e prediz estas em função das variáveis de entrada. Este modelo foi capaz de predizer a frequência respiratória com um erro padrão médio de 7,73 e a temperatura retal com um erro padrão médio de 0,27. Conclusão: o modelo fuzzy foi desenvolvido com sucesso para predizer respostas fisiológicas. O modelo foi capaz de predizer frequência respiratória e temperatura retal com erros percentuais de +/- 12 y 0,5%, respectivamente.

Características termorreguladoras no início da gestação e índices reprodutivos de matrizes suínas de diferentes ordens de parto / Thermoregulatory characteristics in early pregnancy and reproductive efficiency of sows of different parity orders

Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar algumas características termorreguladoras no início da gestação, bem como obter alguns índices reprodutivos de matrizes suínas de diferentes ordens de parto. Matrizes de 0 a 11ª ordem de parto (98) foram divididas em nulíparas, primíparas, de segundo ao sexto parto e do sétimo ao décimo primeiro para quantificar a frequência respiratória, temperatura retal e temperatura da pele em três momentos da gestação: no dia da primeira inseminação artificial, do segundo ao quarto dia de gestação e do décimo ao décimo terceiro dia. Também calcularam-se os gradientes térmicos entre temperaturas retal e da pele (TR-TP), temperaturas retal e do ar (TR-TA) e temperaturas da pele e do ar (TP-TA). Outras 164 matrizes de 1ª a 12ª ordens de parto: primíparas, de segundo parto, do terceiro ao sétimo e do oitavo ao décimo segundo parto foram utilizadas para obter o período de gestação e número de leitões nascidos vivos. Os diferentes momentos da gestação e ordem de parto não influenciaram as médias da frequência respiratória e da temperatura da pele. Matrizes de 7ª a 11ª ordem de parto apresentaram menor média de temperatura retal que as demais ordens. Em relação aos momentos da gestação, foi observada menor temperatura retal do segundo ao quarto dia de gestação comparado ao dia da primeira inseminação e do décimo ao décimo terceiro dia de gestação. O gradiente TR-TP de leitoas foi maior em comparação às demais ordens de parto. Matrizes de 7ª a 11ª ordem de parto apresentaram valores dos gradientes TR-TA e TP-TA maiores em relação às demais ordens de parto. O gradiente TR-TP aumentou conforme se distanciou do dia da inseminação artificial e os gradientes TR-TA e TP-TA, diminuíram. Matrizes de 8ª a 12ª ordem de parto apresentaram maior período de gestação (114,87±1,55 dias) comparada aos demais grupos de ordem de parto (113,28±1,43 para primíparas; 113,09±1,77 para 2º parto e 113,83±1,33 dias para 3º ao 7º). O número de leitões nascidos vivos não diferiu entre as diferentes ordens de parto. Momentos da gestação até o 13º dia e a ordem de parto não influenciam a temperatura da pele medida pela manhã e a frequência respiratória avaliada às 14 horas. Entretanto, matrizes suínas mais velhas (7ª a 11ª ordem de parto) apresentam menor temperatura retal pela manhã e maior período de gestação. A ordem de parto não interfere no número de nascidos vivos na linhagem comercial PenArlan.

The aim of this study was to evaluate some of the thermoregulation characteristics during early pregnancy, and obtain reproductive parameters of sows of different birth orders. Sows 0-11 the parity orders (98) were divided into groups consisting of nulliparous; primiparous; sows from the second to sixth; and sows from the seventh to eleventh birth, in order to quantify the respiratory rate, rectal temperature and skin temperature at three time intervals of pregnancy: the day of first artificial insemination, the second to the fourth day of gestation and the tenth to the thirteenth day. The thermal gradients between rectal and skin temperatures (RT-ST), rectal temperatures and air (RT-AT) and skin temperatures and air (ST-AT) were also calculated. Another 164 sows from 1st to 12th parity orders were grouped as follows: primiparous, second parity, the third to the seventh, and the eighth to twelfth parity orders were used to obtain data on gestation period and number of piglets born alive. The different stages of gestation and parity orders did not influence the average respiratory rate and skin temperature. Sows of 7th to 11th parity orders showed lower mean rectal temperature than the other orders. As regards gestation times, lower rectal temperature was observed on second to fourth day of gestation compared with the first day of insemination and the tenth to the thirteenth day of gestation. The RT-ST gradient of gilts was higher compared with that of other parity orders. Sows of groups from 7th to 11th parity orders showed higher values of gradients RT-AT and ST-AT compared with other parity orders. The RT-ST gradient increased as time passed after the day of insemination, and RT-AT and ST-AT gradients decreased. Sows from 8th to 12th parity orders showed longer gestation period (114.87 ± 1.55 days) compared with the other groups of parity order (113.28 ± 1.43 for primiparous; 113.09 ± 1.77 to 2nd parity orders and 113.83 ± 1.33 days for the group from 3rd to 7th parity orders. The number of piglets born alive did not differ between the different parity orders. Time intervals of pregnancy until the 13th day and the parity orders did not influence the skin temperature measured in the morning, and respiratory rate measured at 14 hours. However, older sows (7th to 11th parity order) had a lower rectal temperature in the morning and longer gestation period. The parity order did not interfere in the number of live births in the commercial line PenArlan.

Study on rectal temperature and scores of comprehensive sensation during heat acclimatization training in artificial hot-humid environment / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To study the relationship between adaptability improvement to hot-humid environment with the changes of rectal temperature, heart rate, and scores of comprehensive sensation before and after training in hot-humid environment. Methods Thirty healthy male university students were trained and tested under a temperature of 39.0°C and a relative humidity of 80.00% for a week. Their rectal temperature, heart rate, and scores of comprehensive sensation were monitored every time before and after training. The obtained data were subjected to ANOVA analysis and Tukey-tests. The improvement rate of rectal temperature and improvement rate of comprehensive sensation scores were calculated each time after training in hot-humid environment. Results and conclusion We found that rectal temperature and scores of comprehensive sensation were consistent in demonstrating the improvement of the adaptability to hot-humid. It is suggested that rectal temperature and scores of comprehensive sensation should be used as reference standards for adaptability improvement to hot-humid environment, and heart rate is not recommended, but the combination of three indices should be used as safety control standard.

Comportamento ingestivo e respostas fisiológicas de cabritos alimentados com dietas contendo torta de girassol oriunda da produção de biodiesel / Ingestive behavior and physiological responses of goats fed with diets containing sunflower cake from biodiesel production

Avaliou-se o efeito de dieta com torta de girassol, oriunda da produção de biodiesel, sobre o comportamento ingestivo e a resposta fisiológica de 32 cabritos ½ sangue Boer, não castrados, com peso médio inicial de 15,3±3,2kg e idade média de 135 dias. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos 0; 8; 16 e 24% de inclusão da torta de girassol e oito repetições. O tempo despendido com ruminação, ócio e mastigação total não foi influenciado pela dieta, e observou-se efeito linear crescente sobre o tempo de ingestão em min/período e em min/dia. A eficiência de ingestão e ruminação da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro também não diferiu entre dietas. Quanto às respostas fisiológicas, as frequências respiratória e cardíaca e as temperaturas retal e superficial não sofreram influência da dieta. Concluiu-se que a torta de girassol pode ser incluída até 24% da matéria seca em dietas de cabritos ½ sangue Boer sem comprometer o comportamento ingestivo e os parâmetros fisiológicos desses animais. O fornecimento de dietas com até 24% de matéria seca de torta de girassol não interfere no estresse calórico de cabritos.

The effect of diets with sunflower cake originated from biodiesel production on the ingestive behavior and physiological responses of 32 crossbred Boer goats, noncastrated, with initial weight of 15.3±3.2 kg and mean age of 135 days was evaluated. A completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 8, 16 and 24% of sunflower cake inclusion) and eight replicates was used. The rumination and idling times and the total chewing time were not affected by diets, but the ingestion time (min/period and min/day) had an increasing linear effect. The rumination and ingestion efficiencies of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber also did not differ among diets. Regarding the physiological responses of animals, the heart and respiratory frequencies and the surface and rectal temperatures were not influenced by diets. Sunflower cake can be included up to 24% DM in diets of crossbred Boer goats without compromising the ingestive behavior and physiological parameter of these animals. Under the climatic conditions evaluated the supply of diets with up to 24% DM of sunflower cake does not mitigate or enhance the heat stress in kids.

Evaluation of hypothermic neonates: a risk factor for death in a regional hospital for mother and neonate in Morocco / 国際保健医療

<B>Objectives</B><BR>The objective of this study is to find the easily measurable associated factor for hypothermic neonatal mortality in a regional Moroccan hospital.<BR><B>Methods</B><BR>A retrospective study was carried out in PAGNON hospital. 52 patients admitted to PAGNON hospital neonatal unit for hypothermia between October 1st, 2005, and June 30, 2007, were included in this study. Clinical features including gestational age, body weight at hospitalization, rectal temperature, the day after birth, place of delivery were recorded at the time of hospitalization. Hypothermia was classified as per WHO classification.<BR><B>Results</B><BR>In 52 hypothermic neonates, 36 patients (69.3%) survived and 16 patients (30.7%) died. There was a significant statistical difference between survival group and no survival group regarding rectal temperature (31.1±2.7°Cvs. 28.7±2.3°C; mean±SD, p=0.003). All patients who died during hospitalization had below 33°C of rectal temperature at hospitalization. As for WHO classification, the severe hypothermic group had higher mortality rate than the moderate hypothermic group (45.2% vs. 9.5%, p=0.006). There was no significant statistical difference for body weight at hospitalization, the day after birth and gestational age in two groups. The severe hypothermic group was higher in the ratio of delivery at the domicile than those of moderate hypothermic group (22.6% vs. 0%, p=0.020). In multiple logistic regression analysis accounting for rectal temperature, the day after birth and body weight at hospitalization, only rectal temperature was significantly associated with survival rate (odds ratio 1.408, 95% confidence interval 1.088−1.821, p=0.009).<BR><B>Conclusion</B><BR>Between the moderate hypothermic neonates and the severe hypothermic neonates classified WHO classification, there was a significant difference between the mortality rate. It is important to keep the rectal temperature more than 32°C. The rectal temperature is an associated factor for hypothermic neonatal mortality which is easily measured at hospitalization in rural hospital in morocco.

The effect of epidural and general anesthesia on newborn rectal temperature at elective cesarean section

Both epidural and general anesthesia can impair thermoregulatory mechanisms during surgery. However, there is lack of information about the effects of different methods of anesthesia on newborn temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in newborn rectal temperature related to type of anesthesia. Sixty-three pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive general or epidural anesthesia. Maternal core temperature was measured three times with a rectal probe just before anesthesia, at the beginning of surgery and at delivery. In addition, umbilical vein blood was sampled for pH. The rectal temperatures of the babies were recorded immediately after delivery, and Apgar scores were determined 1, 5, and 10 min after birth. The duration of anesthesia and the volume of intravenous fluid given during the procedure (833 ± 144 vs 420 ± 215 mL) were significantly higher in the epidural group than in the general anesthesia group (P < 0.0001). Maternal rectal temperatures were not different in both groups at all measurements. In contrast, newborn rectal temperatures were lower in the epidural anesthesia group than in the general anesthesia group (37.4 ± 0.3 vs 37.6 ± 0.3°C; P < 0.05) immediately after birth. Furthermore, the umbilical vein pH value (7.31 ± 0.05 vs 7.33 ± 0.01; P < 0.05) and Apgar scores at the 1st-min measurement (8.0 ± 0.9 vs 8.5 ± 0.7; P < 0.05) were lower in the epidural anesthesia group than in the general anesthesia group. Since epidural anesthesia requires more iv fluid infusion and a longer time for cesarean section, it involves a risk of a mild temperature reduction for the baby which, however, did not reach the limits of hypothermia.

Há equivalência entre a temperatura da membrana timpânica e a temperatura retal em ovinos Santa Inês normotérmicos? / Is there equivalence between the tympanic membrane temperature and the rectal temperature in normothermic Santa Ines sheep?

A utilização do termômetro de raios infravermelhos para a aferição da temperatura timpânica em animais tem se tornado uma alternativa prática na clínica veterinária. Em ovinos, a mensuração da temperatura timpânica não foi suficientemente comparada com a aferição da temperatura retal. Este estudo avaliou a equivalência entre a temperatura timpânica e a temperatura retal em 16 ovinos da raça Santa Inês. Durante a coleta de dados, a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram monitoradas e não houve correlação entre estas e a temperatura corporal. A análise da equivalência, pelo método da diferença entre as temperaturas, resultou em temperaturas timpânicas mais baixas (entre 35 e 36,9ºC, para ambos os ouvidos) que a temperatura retal (entre 39 e 38ºC). Os limites de concordância das comparações entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas timpânicas foram acima do valor pré-estabelecido. A localização anatômica dos locais aferidos e o tipo de termômetro contribuíram para as diferenças de temperatura. A temperatura retal e a temperatura timpânica foram independentes, sugerindo não haver equivalência entre ambas.

The use of infrared thermometers to obtain the tympanic temperature in animals has become a convenient alternative in veterinarian medicine practice. In sheep, tympanic and rectal temperatures have not yet been compared enough. This study evaluated the equivalence between the tympanic and the rectal temperatures in sixteen Santa Ines sheep. During data collection, air temperature and humidity were monitored and there was no discernible correlation between these and the ovine body temperature. The analysis of the equivalence, as measured by the method of the difference amongst temperatures, resulted in lower tympanic temperature (between 35 and 36.9ºC, for both ears) than the rectal temperature (between 38 and 39ºC). The agreement limit of the comparisons between the rectal and tympanic temperatures was above values established previously in the literature. The anatomical site used for the temperature measurement and the type of thermometer used contributed to these temperature differences. The rectal and tympanic temperatures were independent, suggesting that there is no equivalence between them.

Respostas termorreguladoras de matrizes suínas híbridas em lactação, mantidas em ambiente quente / Thermoregulator answers of hybrid female swine in lactation, maintained in hot environment

Objetivou-se avaliar a adaptabilidade fisiológica de 73 matrizes suínas híbridas em lactação ao ambiente quente. As fêmeas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial de 5 x 4 x 4, sendo, cinco ordens de parto - OP (1ª, 2ª, 3ª, 4ª e 5ª), quatro momentos em relação ao parto (quatro dias antes e 3, 10 e 17º dia depois) e quatro horas do dia (8, 12, 16 e 20 h). A temperatura retal (TR) oscilou com a hora do dia, a OP, e o momento de avaliação, sendo maior às 16 h, em primíparas e na fase inicial da lactação. A freqüência respiratória permaneceu elevada, principalmente entre as 12 e 16 h do dia em fêmeas jovens. Conclui-se que o calor intenso entre 12 e 16 h conduz aos animais ao desconforto térmico, sendo as primíparas a categoria de menor adaptabilidade.

The aim was to assess the physiological adaptability of 73 hybrid female swine in lactation in the hot climate. The females of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th parturition orders (PO) were used, distributed in a completely randomized outline, in a factorial arrangement of 5 x 4 x 4, being five PO (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th), four moments in relation to the delivery (four days before, and on the 3rd, 10th and 17th day after), and four hours a day (8, 12, 16 and 20 h). The rectal temperature oscillated according to the hour of day, the PO, and the moment of evaluation, being greater at 16 h, in primiparous, and in the initial phase of lactation. The breathing frequency remained elevated, mainly between 12 and 16 h, in young females. One concluded that the intense heat between 12 and 16 h leads the animals to the thermal discomfort, mainly the category of smaller adaptability.

Comportamento e parâmetros fisiológicos de leitões nas primeiras 24 horas de vida / Valuation of behavior and physiologic parameters of the first 24 hours of sucking pigs life

Um experimento foi conduzido no setor de Suinocultura da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento e parâmetros fisiológicos de leitões nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Foram utilizados 82 leitões de genética comercial para crescimento rápido, sendo realizadas observações a cada cinco minutos do comportamento dos animais. Foram mensuradas as temperaturas retal e de superfície, além da freqüência respiratória em intervalo de uma hora. Os resultados obtidos com o estudo comportamental demonstraram que os leitões passam mais da metade (53,8 por cento) do seu primeiro dia de vida dormindo dedicando somente 31,2 por cento à ingestão de leite. A temperatura retal dos leitões recém nascidos e a temperatura superficial da pele aumentaram (P<0,05) após nove horas de vida. Entretanto, a temperatura superficial no pernil não foi influenciada (P>0,05) nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. A freqüência respiratória não foi influenciada (P>0,05). Leitões recém-nascidos com genética para alta deposição de tecido magro apresentam reação ao ambiente logo nas primeiras horas de vida. A elevação das temperaturas retal e superficial dos animais evidenciaram tentativa de controle termorregulatório a partir da nona hora de vida.

An experiment was carried out in the swine sector of North Fluminense State University to evaluate the behavior and physiological parameters of piglets in the first 24 hours of life. A total of 82 growing piglets from commercial genetic lines were used. Observations of individual piglet behavior were made each five minutes. Rectal and superficial temperature of the piglets were evaluated. Moreover, respiratory frequency was observed each one-hour interval. Results showed that piglets take a little more than half of their first day of life time sleeping (53,8 percent) and only 31,2 percent sucking. Rectal and superficial temperature increased after nine hours of life. However, superficial temperature of ham and respiratory frequency were not influenced. Newborn piglets from commercial genetic lines showed reaction to environment in the first hour of life. Moreover, the increase in rectal and superficial temperature evidenced attempt to maintain thermoregulatory control after nine hours of life.

EFFECTS OF SUPINE FLOATING ON RECTAL TEMPERATURE AND CARDIAC AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY AFTER HIGH AND MODERATE INTENSITY EXERCISE WITH A CYCLE ERGOMETER / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of supine floating on rectal temperature and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity after exercise. Seven healthy males volunteered for this study. Subjects performed supine position for 30 minutes in both control condition (C-condition) and water condition (W-condition) after exercise with a cycle ergometer for 15 minutes. Exercise intensity was high (80%VO₂max) and moderate (60%VO₂max). Water temperature was 30 degrees Celsius. Rectal temperature of post exercise showed no significant differences under the W-condition, as compared to the C-condition. Delta rectal temperature (point 0-0 was end of exercise) was significantly reduced (p<0.05) under the W-condition, as compared to the C-condition. Log HF was significantly increased (p<0.05) under the W-condition, as compared to the C-condition. These data suggested that supine floating after high and moderate intensity exercise could promote recovery of rectal temperature and increased in cardiac parasympathetic nervous system activity.

Effects of Underwater Exercise Program with Spa in Elderly Women / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

The purposes of this study were to develop a low-impact underwater exercise program that can be implemented at water temperatures around 40 degrees C, an environment commonly available in many hot-spring bathing facilities in Japan, and further to verify the effectiveness of the program by experiments.<br>This program assumes three patterns of bathing, i. e., foot bathing, hip bathing, and chest bathing, considering the designs of bathtubs in such facilities. It also incorporates five categories of underwater exercise, i. e., warming up, toning, flexibility exercise, relaxation, and cooling down, for each pattern of bathing.<br>The underwater exercise program was tried by ten elderly female subjects (aged 67±5).<br>The results indicated significant differences in rectal temperature and heart rate from those in plain-water bathing but with little physiologic damage. Therefore, these results suggest that the aged can participat in the newly developed underwater exercise program while they are bathing in hot springs.